Bitcoin mining’s environmental impact is a significant concern. The process, which involves solving complex cryptographic puzzles to validate transactions and create new bitcoins, is incredibly energy-intensive.
The Energy Consumption Problem: A substantial portion of the electricity powering Bitcoin mining comes from fossil fuels. While the exact percentage fluctuates and precise figures are difficult to obtain, estimates suggest that a significant fraction of Bitcoin’s energy consumption in the past has relied on non-renewable sources, leading to considerable carbon emissions. This raises questions about its long-term sustainability.
Factors Contributing to High Energy Use:
- Proof-of-Work Consensus Mechanism: Bitcoin uses a proof-of-work system, requiring miners to expend significant computational power to compete for the right to add new blocks to the blockchain. This inherently leads to high energy consumption.
- Hardware Requirements: Specialized hardware like ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) is needed for efficient mining, contributing to both energy consumption and e-waste.
- Geographic Location of Mining Operations: Many mining operations are located in regions with cheap electricity, sometimes generated from fossil fuels, further exacerbating the environmental impact.
Mitigation Efforts and the Future:
- Shifting to Renewable Energy Sources: Increasingly, mining operations are exploring the use of renewable energy sources like solar and hydro power to reduce their carbon footprint.
- Technological Advancements: Research into more energy-efficient mining hardware and alternative consensus mechanisms (like Proof-of-Stake) could significantly reduce energy consumption in the future.
- Transparency and Data Collection: Improved data collection and transparency about the energy sources used in Bitcoin mining are crucial for accurate assessment and effective regulation.
In short: While Bitcoin mining’s environmental impact is undeniable, ongoing efforts towards greater sustainability and technological innovation offer potential pathways for mitigation.
Can Bitcoin mining really support renewable energy?
Bitcoin mining’s relationship with renewable energy is complex, but the potential for synergy is significant. The argument centers on the concept of energy arbitrage: Bitcoin miners, needing vast amounts of electricity, can act as a flexible buyer of surplus renewable energy. This means purchasing excess power generated by solar and wind farms, often at times when demand is low and energy would otherwise be wasted or curtailed.
This increased demand, driven by the profitability of Bitcoin mining, directly translates into higher returns for renewable energy producers. These higher profits incentivize further investment in renewable infrastructure, creating a positive feedback loop. This ultimately contributes to the global shift away from fossil fuels by making renewable energy sources more economically viable.
However, it’s crucial to acknowledge several caveats:
- Location matters: The effectiveness of this model depends heavily on geographical location and the existing energy infrastructure. Areas with abundant renewable energy sources and existing grid capacity will see the most benefit.
- Grid stability: Integrating large-scale Bitcoin mining operations into existing grids requires careful management to avoid instability. This requires significant investment in grid modernization and potentially energy storage solutions.
- Environmental concerns remain: Even with renewable energy, Bitcoin mining consumes vast amounts of electricity, raising concerns about its overall carbon footprint. Transparency and verifiable renewable energy sourcing are crucial to address these concerns.
Despite these challenges, the potential for Bitcoin mining to accelerate renewable energy adoption is undeniable. Successful implementation depends on strategic partnerships between miners, renewable energy producers, and policymakers to overcome logistical and regulatory hurdles. The future likely hinges on the development of sustainable and transparent mining practices, coupled with advancements in renewable energy technology and grid infrastructure.
Furthermore, the narrative of “green Bitcoin” is gaining traction, with miners increasingly prioritizing renewable energy sources and publicly reporting their energy mix. This increased transparency empowers consumers and investors to make informed decisions, fostering a more sustainable cryptocurrency ecosystem.
Why does it always take 10 minutes to mine a Bitcoin?
The consistent 10-minute block time in Bitcoin isn’t a fixed rule; it’s a cleverly engineered outcome. The network dynamically adjusts its difficulty to maintain this average. This means that regardless of whether miners are using a few powerful machines or millions of less powerful ones, the average time to mine a block remains roughly ten minutes.
How does this difficulty adjustment work?
The Bitcoin network constantly monitors the time it takes to mine blocks. If blocks are being mined faster than every ten minutes, the difficulty increases, making it harder to find the next block. Conversely, if blocks are taking longer than ten minutes, the difficulty decreases, making it easier. This adjustment happens approximately every two weeks (every 2016 blocks).
This self-regulating mechanism is crucial for Bitcoin’s stability and security. Here’s why:
- Predictable Block Creation: The consistent block time provides predictable transaction confirmation times, essential for users and businesses.
- Security Against Attacks: A constant block time makes it exponentially more difficult for attackers to launch 51% attacks (where an attacker controls more than half the network’s hashing power). A faster block time would make this significantly easier.
- Fairness and Decentralization: The difficulty adjustment ensures that no single miner or mining pool gains an unfair advantage by having more hashing power. It prevents a centralization of power.
The difficulty adjustment algorithm is a sophisticated piece of engineering. It’s not simply a linear adjustment; it uses a formula to calculate the appropriate change in difficulty based on the past two weeks’ worth of block times. This prevents wild swings in difficulty.
In summary: The seemingly constant 10-minute block time in Bitcoin is a testament to the sophisticated design of its underlying protocol. It’s a dynamic process that constantly adapts to changes in the network’s hashing power, maintaining stability, security, and fairness within the system.
Simplified Calculation (Illustrative):
- Target block time: 10 minutes.
- Actual block time over the last 2016 blocks: Let’s say 8 minutes (blocks are mined too quickly).
- Difficulty adjustment: The difficulty will increase, making it harder to mine blocks and pushing the average block time closer to 10 minutes.
Is Bitcoin mining a waste of energy?
The energy consumption argument against Bitcoin mining is often oversimplified. While it’s true that Bitcoin’s annual electricity usage is substantial – comparable to a country like Poland – this needs context. The narrative ignores the fact that a significant portion of this energy comes from renewable sources, a percentage constantly growing. This contrasts sharply with many traditional industries.
Furthermore, the “waste” designation is subjective. The energy is expended to secure a decentralized, censorship-resistant monetary system. Is that a waste? Consider the societal costs of centralized systems vulnerable to manipulation or failure. The inherent security of Bitcoin, secured by this energy expenditure, provides substantial value.
The water footprint argument, often cited as 660,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools over two years, similarly requires nuance. This figure reflects the indirect water usage in electricity generation, not direct water consumption by mining hardware. This indirect usage is present across numerous industries, and the actual water footprint per transaction on Bitcoin is comparatively low when compared to other financial transactions. Direct comparison to industries with far higher and less transparent water footprints would be informative.
Ultimately, the “waste” argument hinges on a flawed premise: that the value generated by Bitcoin is insignificant. The argument needs to acknowledge the emergent value of Bitcoin as a hedge against inflation, a decentralized store of value, and a global payment network. A holistic cost-benefit analysis, factoring in these aspects, is critical before labeling Bitcoin mining a mere “waste of energy.”
How long does it take to mine $1 of Bitcoin?
Mining one Bitcoin takes significantly longer than 10 minutes; that’s a common misconception. The Bitcoin network targets a block generation time of approximately 10 minutes, and each block yields a reward (currently 6.25 BTC). So, it takes, on average, 10 minutes to mine 6.25 BTC, not just 1 BTC. That means mining a single Bitcoin currently takes roughly 1.6 minutes (10 minutes / 6.25 BTC), but this is a simplification. The actual time fluctuates wildly due to mining difficulty adjustments made roughly every two weeks, network hash rate changes, and your individual mining hardware’s performance. Higher difficulty means it takes longer, and a more powerful rig obviously mines faster. This difficulty adjustment ensures a consistent block generation rate, regardless of network-wide computing power. Remember, this is a probabilistic process; you’re essentially competing against thousands of other miners, so even with powerful hardware, there’s an element of chance involved. You’re not guaranteed to mine a block every 10 minutes, or even every 1.6 minutes.
Beyond the mining reward, miners also receive transaction fees. These fees are included in the block reward and vary based on network congestion. High transaction fees can boost a miner’s profitability, partially offsetting the time it takes to mine a block. However, relying solely on transaction fees for profitability isn’t viable for most miners – they need the block reward to make it work. Finally, remember electricity costs are a significant factor. The cost of electricity, combined with hardware purchase and maintenance, can significantly impact the overall profitability of Bitcoin mining.
Is bitcoin mining ethical?
The ethical implications of Bitcoin mining are complex and multifaceted. While the energy consumption is undeniably high, and the environmental impact significant – particularly with reliance on fossil fuels – it’s crucial to avoid simplistic condemnations. The energy intensity is a function of the Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism, which, despite its energy demands, provides a robust and secure network resistant to 51% attacks.
Renewable energy sources are increasingly utilized in Bitcoin mining, mitigating environmental concerns. Many mining operations are strategically located near hydroelectric or geothermal sources, shifting the environmental footprint. Furthermore, the Bitcoin network’s inherent energy efficiency is constantly improving through advancements in hardware and software. More efficient ASIC miners reduce the energy per hash, leading to a lower overall energy consumption per Bitcoin mined over time.
The economic benefits of Bitcoin mining should also be considered. Mining creates jobs, often in underserved regions, and contributes to local economies. Moreover, the decentralization of mining power itself serves as a counterpoint to centralized power structures, potentially promoting economic empowerment.
However, the lack of transparency in some mining operations remains a concern. Accurate reporting on energy sources and overall efficiency is crucial for a comprehensive ethical assessment. Increased regulatory oversight and industry self-regulation could help address this.
Ultimately, determining the ethicality of Bitcoin mining requires a nuanced perspective, weighing the environmental impact against the economic benefits and security considerations. A solely environmental focus risks overlooking other relevant factors.
Is there eco friendly mining?
So, “eco-friendly mining”? It’s a thing, but it’s a work in progress. The idea is to make mining less harmful to the environment. This means using electric vehicles and other energy-efficient equipment instead of gas-guzzling machines. Think electric trucks hauling ore instead of diesel ones.
They’re also trying to power these operations with renewable energy like solar and wind power. This drastically cuts down on the carbon footprint, reducing reliance on fossil fuels that contribute to climate change.
For crypto, this is especially important because mining Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies requires a *ton* of energy. The more efficient the mining process becomes, the less energy is wasted, making the whole crypto space a bit greener.
However, even “green” mining still has environmental impacts. There’s land disturbance from digging, water usage, and waste disposal to consider. It’s not a perfect solution, but it’s a step in the right direction towards more sustainable mining practices.
Is Bitcoin mining no longer profitable?
Bitcoin mining profitability has significantly decreased. While large-scale operations with access to cheap electricity and specialized ASIC miners (like those from Bitmain or MicroBT) can still eke out a profit, it’s a razor-thin margin and highly dependent on the Bitcoin price and difficulty adjustments. The network hash rate continues to rise, meaning more computational power is needed to compete, increasing the energy consumption and ultimately the cost.
For individual miners, the game is essentially over. The return on investment (ROI) for home-based mining is extremely poor, often taking years to break even, if ever. The electricity costs alone generally outweigh any potential Bitcoin rewards. Cloud mining services often prove equally unprofitable, frequently involving hidden fees and questionable operations.
The profitability calculation involves many factors: Bitcoin price, mining difficulty, electricity costs, hardware costs (ASIC purchase or rental), cooling costs, and maintenance. Tools and websites exist that can help estimate potential profits, but these are only as accurate as the input data and don’t account for unexpected changes in the market or hardware failures.
Essentially, unless you have access to incredibly cheap or even free electricity and can acquire high-end ASIC miners at competitive prices, you’re far better off buying Bitcoin directly rather than attempting to mine it. Focus instead on understanding the fundamentals of the cryptocurrency market and diversify your portfolio.
Can solar panels support Bitcoin mining?
Absolutely, solar panels can significantly support Bitcoin mining. The industry is rapidly transitioning towards renewable energy sources, with over 54% of Bitcoin mining now powered by renewables – a testament to the market’s adaptability and growing sustainability focus. This shift is driven not just by environmental concerns, but also by the considerable cost savings associated with harnessing free solar energy.
Efficient setups are crucial. This includes optimizing panel placement for maximum sunlight exposure, utilizing high-efficiency solar panels, and implementing robust energy storage solutions like batteries. These batteries are key to ensuring continuous mining operations even when the sun isn’t shining, thereby maximizing uptime and profitability.
Beyond cost reduction, the move to solar power presents a powerful narrative for Bitcoin’s future. It directly counters criticisms regarding its energy consumption, demonstrating its potential to become a significantly more environmentally friendly operation. This is a crucial factor to consider for long-term investment, as regulatory landscapes are increasingly prioritizing sustainability. The combination of lower operational costs and a stronger ESG profile makes solar-powered Bitcoin mining a compelling investment strategy.
Scalability is another important aspect. While individual miners can benefit greatly, large-scale solar farms dedicated to powering mining operations offer substantial economies of scale, driving down costs even further and accelerating the industry’s transition towards sustainable energy. This is where the real long-term potential lies.
Can I mine green Bitcoin?
Yes! You can indirectly contribute to a greener Bitcoin by investing in miners who utilize renewable energy sources. Bitcoin mining itself isn’t inherently green or unsustainable; it’s the energy source that matters.
Miners are increasingly adopting renewables:
- Wind power
- Hydroelectric power
- Solar power
- Geothermal energy
This shift towards renewable energy significantly lowers the carbon footprint of Bitcoin mining, making it a more environmentally friendly investment. Look for mining companies that publicly disclose their energy mix and sustainability initiatives – this transparency is key.
Beyond individual miners:
- The Bitcoin network’s energy consumption is constantly evolving. As more miners adopt renewables, the overall environmental impact decreases.
- Technological advancements in mining hardware are improving energy efficiency, further reducing consumption.
- Investing in Bitcoin itself doesn’t directly impact mining energy consumption, but supporting companies committed to sustainable practices indirectly contributes to a greener future for the cryptocurrency.
Important Note: Always conduct thorough research before investing. The environmental impact of Bitcoin mining is a complex issue, and not all miners are equally committed to sustainability.
Is Bitcoin mining ethical?
Bitcoin mining uses a lot of electricity. This is because powerful computers race to solve complex math problems to verify transactions and add them to the blockchain. The more miners, the more energy is used. If this electricity comes from coal or gas power plants, it contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, which is a big environmental concern for many people.
Some people argue that the energy consumption is offset by the security and decentralization Bitcoin provides, making it resistant to censorship and single points of failure. Others point to the potential for Bitcoin mining to drive the adoption of renewable energy sources, as miners seek cheaper and greener power. This is because miners are incentivized to find the cheapest electricity.
However, currently, the environmental impact is a significant drawback for many investors. They might choose to avoid Bitcoin because of its energy footprint, even if they’re interested in other aspects of cryptocurrency.
The amount of energy used varies greatly depending on the electricity source and the mining hardware efficiency. There’s ongoing debate about how to measure and quantify this impact accurately. Also, the future of Bitcoin’s energy consumption is uncertain and depends on several factors, including technological advancements and regulatory changes.
How much electricity does it take to mine 1 Bitcoin?
Mining a single Bitcoin currently consumes approximately 6,400,000 kWh on average. That’s a massive amount of energy – enough to power a typical household for over 200 years!
However, this figure represents the network-wide average. Solo mining is incredibly inefficient. A solo miner would likely spend roughly 44,444 kWh monthly, and it could take them around 12 years to mine just one BTC. This highlights the immense difficulty and energy expenditure involved in competing against large mining pools boasting thousands of high-powered ASICs.
The energy consumption varies significantly depending on factors like the hashrate of the network, the efficiency of the mining hardware, and the price of electricity. The higher the network’s hashrate, the more energy it requires to solve the cryptographic puzzle and mine a block. More efficient mining equipment reduces energy consumption per unit of hashing power, but the initial investment can be substantial.
Interestingly, the energy consumption is often debated within the crypto community. While the sheer amount is undeniable, discussions around renewable energy sources powering mining operations and the overall efficiency improvements in hardware technology are ongoing. The environmental impact is a significant concern, driving innovation towards more sustainable mining practices.
It’s crucial to remember these are estimates, and the actual energy consumption can fluctuate considerably. For investors, this underscores the importance of understanding the environmental considerations and the technological evolution within the Bitcoin mining industry.
Can I mine Bitcoin for free?
No, you can’t truly mine Bitcoin for free. Claims of “free” Bitcoin mining often mask significant drawbacks.
Cloud mining services like the one mentioned, HEXminer, don’t offer truly free mining. While they might waive upfront hardware costs, they profit by charging fees, often significantly impacting your potential earnings. These fees can take the form of:
- High electricity costs passed on to the user: The service provider’s electricity expenses are incorporated into the fee structure, potentially making your “free” mining unprofitable.
- Maintenance fees: Regular maintenance and upkeep of the mining infrastructure are factored into your costs.
- Transaction fees: Transferring your mined Bitcoin to your wallet often incurs fees.
- Hidden fees: Some services may have less transparent or hidden fees that reduce your overall profit.
Furthermore, the profitability of cloud mining is highly dependent on Bitcoin’s price and the difficulty of mining. If Bitcoin’s price drops or mining difficulty increases, your earnings will likely be negligible, rendering the service effectively worthless. The claim of “stable daily passive income” is highly unrealistic and should be treated with extreme skepticism.
Instead of seeking “free” mining, consider these alternatives:
- Learn about Bitcoin and blockchain technology: Understanding the technology is crucial before investing.
- Invest in Bitcoin directly: Buying and holding Bitcoin is a simpler and often more profitable approach.
- Explore other passive income strategies: Numerous legitimate options exist beyond “free” cloud mining.
Beware of scams: Many fraudulent schemes promise free Bitcoin mining. Always thoroughly research any service before investing time or money.
Is crypto mining a waste of resources?
The environmental impact of crypto mining, particularly proof-of-work, is a serious concern. It’s not just about energy consumption; it’s about the sheer volume of electronic waste generated. ASICs, those specialized mining rigs, have a relatively short lifespan, often becoming obsolete within a few years due to the relentless arms race for faster hashing speeds. This constant technological churn leads to a massive influx of e-waste, posing significant challenges for recycling and disposal. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that many of these ASICs are designed for single-purpose functionality, making their components difficult to repurpose.
Consider this: the constant upgrading to newer, more efficient ASICs (ironically, often consuming *more* energy overall) necessitates discarding perfectly functional, albeit less profitable, older generation hardware. This rapid obsolescence is unsustainable. While some initiatives exist for responsible recycling of ASICs, they are not yet at scale to counteract the exponential growth in discarded mining hardware. The environmental cost of this rapid turnover of specialized equipment needs to be addressed, otherwise it risks undermining the long-term viability of the entire industry. This is not just a PR issue, it’s a fundamental sustainability problem.
The industry needs innovative solutions, beyond just relying on greater energy efficiency of individual ASICs. We need to explore more sustainable consensus mechanisms and develop more circular economic models for mining hardware. Ignoring this problem is simply not an option.
Who actually pays to Bitcoin miners?
Bitcoin miners are compensated in two ways: block rewards and transaction fees. Currently, the dominant source of miner revenue is the block reward, a pre-programmed, decreasing amount of newly minted Bitcoin added to the blockchain with each successfully mined block. This reward is halved roughly every four years, a process known as halving, designed to control inflation. However, the block reward is not infinite; it will eventually reach zero around 2140 when the total Bitcoin supply of 21 million is reached.
Transaction fees are the crucial secondary revenue stream for miners and will become the *sole* revenue source post-halving. These fees are paid by users sending Bitcoin transactions; essentially, a “tip” to miners for prioritizing and including their transaction in a block. The higher the demand for transaction processing (network congestion), the higher the fees users are willing to pay to expedite their transactions. This fee mechanism incentivizes miners to continue securing the network even after the block rewards vanish.
Therefore, miners’ profitability is ultimately determined by the interplay of block rewards, transaction fees, the difficulty of mining (influenced by the hash rate), and the price of Bitcoin. A higher Bitcoin price generally translates to higher miner profitability, even with lower block rewards. Observing the ratio of transaction fees to block rewards provides valuable insight into the network’s health and long-term sustainability.
Is green mining possible?
New mining technologies, like more efficient ASIC chips and improved cooling systems, drastically reduce energy consumption per unit of cryptocurrency mined. This means less electricity is needed, resulting in a smaller carbon footprint. Regulations are also playing a key role. Governments are increasingly incentivizing the use of renewable energy for mining and implementing stricter environmental standards for mining operations.
The key is efficiency. When mining operations become more efficient, they produce less waste – both in terms of energy and materials. This directly translates to a lower environmental impact. For example, some mining operations are now powered by hydro, solar, or wind energy, making them far more sustainable than those relying solely on fossil fuels.
However, it’s important to note that the environmental impact of crypto mining is still a significant concern. The widespread adoption of proof-of-work consensus mechanisms (like Bitcoin) requires massive computing power, and even with improvements, the overall energy usage remains substantial. Proof-of-stake consensus mechanisms are emerging as a greener alternative, as they require significantly less energy.
How many solar panels to run a bitcoin miner?
Powering your Bitcoin mining operation with solar energy is a compelling proposition, offering a sustainable and potentially cost-effective solution. Let’s break down the solar panel requirements.
The energy consumption of a Bitcoin mining rig is highly variable, depending on the hardware’s hashing power and efficiency. A common figure cited is around 2,000 watts of continuous power draw. This translates to a daily energy consumption of 48,000 watt-hours (2,000 watts * 24 hours).
A typical solar panel generates approximately 300 watts under optimal sunlight conditions. However, this output fluctuates based on factors such as weather, time of day, and panel angle. You should also consider panel efficiency which varies between models. A more conservative estimate could see output closer to 250 watts.
To offset the 48,000 watt-hours daily consumption, you’ll need a solar array generating at least this much energy. Using the 300-watt-per-panel estimate, you’d require approximately 160 panels (48,000 watt-hours / 300 watts/panel ≈ 160 panels). Using the more conservative 250-watt estimate would require approximately 192 panels. This is a significant setup and may require several inverters to convert the direct current (DC) power generated by solar panels into the alternating current (AC) needed for the miners. The actual number will vary depending on your specific location, sunlight conditions, and chosen equipment.
Beyond the raw power requirements, you’ll also need a battery bank to provide power during periods of low sunlight or at night. The size of the battery bank will depend on your mining rig’s energy needs and how much autonomy you want. This adds considerable complexity and cost to the project.
Finally, consider consulting with a solar energy professional to assess your specific needs and ensure a safe and efficient setup. They can help size your system properly and factor in local regulations and incentives.
Why is mining not sustainable?
Mining’s unsustainability stems from its inherent environmental impact, extending far beyond the immediate extraction process. The energy-intensive nature of mining, often reliant on fossil fuels, contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, fueling climate change. This carbon footprint is exacerbated by the transportation and processing of mined materials, further intensifying the problem. Beyond carbon, mining generates vast quantities of waste, including tailings – the residue left after processing ore – which frequently contaminate water sources and surrounding ecosystems with heavy metals and toxic chemicals. The long-term consequences are particularly devastating: acid mine drainage, a persistent issue even after mine closure, releases sulfuric acid and heavy metals into the environment, poisoning waterways and soil for decades, even centuries. This environmental damage not only affects biodiversity and water quality but also impacts human health, highlighting the urgent need for more sustainable mining practices, including responsible waste management and a transition towards renewable energy sources throughout the mining lifecycle. The environmental cost of crypto mining, dependent heavily on energy-intensive proof-of-work consensus mechanisms, is a particularly pertinent example, raising crucial questions about its long-term viability and the adoption of more sustainable alternatives like proof-of-stake.
Is there a legit way to mine Bitcoin?
Solo Bitcoin mining is technically feasible, but practically improbable for the average person. The network’s immense hash rate makes the odds of successfully mining a block minuscule, often resulting in months or years of investment without a return. This is due to the exponentially increasing computational power required to compete with large-scale mining operations.
Joining a mining pool significantly improves your chances of earning Bitcoin. Pools aggregate the hashing power of many miners, increasing the likelihood of finding a block and distributing rewards proportionally based on each miner’s contribution. This shared risk and reward model makes it a far more sustainable approach for most individuals. Consider factors like pool fees and payout methods when choosing a pool.
Cloud mining presents another option, allowing you to rent hashing power from a data center. However, proceed with extreme caution. Many cloud mining operations are scams, offering unrealistically high returns and ultimately disappearing with investors’ funds. Thoroughly research any provider before investing, focusing on their transparency, track record, and the actual hardware they employ. Even legitimate cloud mining often carries higher fees and potentially lower profitability compared to joining a reputable mining pool or investing directly in Bitcoin.
Ultimately, the most straightforward and arguably less risky path to acquiring Bitcoin for most individuals is through direct purchase on a reputable exchange. While mining remains a fascinating technological aspect of the Bitcoin network, its economic viability for the average person is severely limited without significant resources or substantial risk tolerance.
